2.2.7 Covalent Network Structures

1. Molecular structure 2. Covalent networks ( giant covalent )

  • Both are joined by covalent bonds

  1. Molecular substances

  • Consists of separate groups of covalent bonded atoms called molecules

  1. Covalent Networks ( Giant Covalent )

  • Contain covalently bonded atoms in a contiuous three-dimesional lattice.

    • Silicon

    • Silicon Dioxide

    • And allotropes of carbon

Allotropes of Carbon

  • Some elements have different structural forms called allotropes like Carbon

    • Diamond

    • Graphite

    • Graphene

    • Group of substances called fullerenes

  • Despite all being made from carbon atoms, they have different chemical and physical properties due to their differing structural arrangemnets.

a- diamond b - graphite c - graphene d- nanotubes e- buckminsterfullerene (C_60)

  1. Diamond

  • Each carbon bonded to four others in tetrahedral arrangement

  • Poor electrical conductor due to no mobile charged particles ( electrons are localized )

  • Excellent Thermal Conductor

    • Vibrational energy carriers called phonons travel welll through the highly egular lattice and strong covalent bonds

  1. Graphite

  • Made of sheets of carbon atoms

  • Each carbon bonded to three others in a hexagonal arrangement where the geoemtry around each carbon atom is trigonal planar

  • Are bonded such that one eelctron per carbon atom is delocalized

    • Which are free to move up and down each sheet and \thereforea good electrical conductor

  • The sheet itself is strong, but the attraction between the sheets are not, ( called London( dispersion ) Forces )

    • Easy to separate; thus graphite is a good lubricant, and ideal for pencils --> writing causes sheets to fall, leaving a mark

  1. Graphene

  • Single sheet of graphite

    • Thus 1 atom thick ( therefore said to be 2D)

  • Good Electrical Conductor

  • Flexible

  • Lightweight

  • transparent

  • Very strong

  • Applications huge

    • Bendable electronic displays & desalination technologies

  1. Fullerenes

  • Groups of carbon allotropes arranged in interlinking hexagonal and pentagonal rings

  • Some form long hollow cylinders ( Carbon Tubes )

    • Used in nanotechnology ( use of objects with dimesions of <100< 100 nm ( 1000 atoms or less across )

  • Applications huge

    • Used to reinforce composite materials ( combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties )

      • Strong due to the covalent bonds

    • electronics

      • Presence of delocalised electrons

        • Conductive

  1. Buckminsterfullerenes ( buckyballs )

  • Covalent Molecular structure

  • C60C_{60}

  • Atoms are arranged in hexagons and pentagons to resemble a football

  • Applications huge

    • Medicine as drug carriers

    • Low boiling point ( why ? )

Silicon and Silicon Dioxide

  • Silicon forms 3 dimesional lattice

    • Each atom --> 4 other atoms in tetahedral arrangement

      • SImialr to Diamond

  • Note Si-Si bond is weaker than its C-C counterpart

  • Despite belonging to same group they are different

    • Silicon is a metalloid, carbon is non-metal

      • Thus diamond is poor electrical conductor

      • Silicon is semiconductor

      • Double & triple bonds common in C, not in Si

  • Note that Si-O is very strong

    • Silicon Dioxide / Silica ( SiO2SiO_2)

      • Quartz ( crystalline form )

      • sand

      • glass

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